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ftatc, however difficult it m ay be to explain n what manner this heat is generated and confined.. In every department of nature, our inquiries are terminated by ultimate fidts, beyond which further refearch becomes vain. The conftant generation and envflion of light from the furface of thefjn is more inexplicable and furprifing than the cmllmt generation of heat in the ceit.e ©f the planets, ; but we cannot Tcfufc »»ur aiLnt to the fa&, though it is far beyond the power of the human mind to conceive by what means the particles of light are propelled through ("pace with fuch aftonifhin- velocity. We are to© apt to meafy-c natural operations by their coincidence with the received fyftems of philofophy. and to make our own igno rar ce the flandard of truth. Had all the volcanoes in the world been dormant for th • ' 0 two thoufand years, and were we only acquainted w'rh their exillencc by the w.unujg of ancient hiftorians, we fhould diferedit tbefa&,and prove its impoflihdity by an appeal to ertabliflicd chemical prin¬ cipals ; we fhould further accompany the proof wiih a pathetic lamentation over the credulity of former times. Thrdefeenc of Itonea from the atmof- phere was denied during a longer period, though the faft is now eflablifhed beyond all doubt : this fiv-uld teach ns to be lefts confident in our own knowledge, for there are dill rermininq; " more things in heaven and e'.rth than are dreamed of in out philofophy." Admittm^ the exigence of central fire :rt the earth, it is not difficult to conceive that there may be determinate caufe^, by which itn'ntenGty is incrcafed or diminifh- cd at ce tail- periods. We kn-»w little re*- pefting the operation ofcleSric or Volui' enr.gyinthe laboratory of nature ; but from the exiilence of electric light at the pole, we may infer that ek&rie currents are pafllQg though the earth, and are important agents in many fubterranea) phenomena Peihips the different bed* /»f fOek vrhick environ th" globe may act like a icries of plates in the Voltaic pile, ind produce cfFefta eommer.forate w th their vai magnitude. Voltaic energy is nearly as far as the eye can reach ; and this plain is bounded on the VV. S. W. and S. S- W. by the regions of the peak, and on the E. and N- E. by a range of fteep perpendicular precipices and moun¬ tains, called by the Spaniards Las Faldas. M. Efcolar informed me that the wall could be traced for many leagues, the whole circumference of which evidently formed the fide of an immenfe crater. This tratt, called Las Candles, contains, according to the fame authority, twelve fquare leagues- As we enter it from the South Weft, there arc £0 be teen fevtral declivities of lava and itrata broken inwards towards the plain, and evidently a continuation of the abovementioued line of wall, and the remains of the original crater." The cone of Vefuvius is thus partly encircled by the walls of a much larger crater, of which Mount Somma formed one of the fides. The other cxtinft craters and foflffrieres in the vicinity of Naples are of immenfe (i/.ecompared with any that arc in an aftive Hate- The magnitude of their opening mull have been commenfurate with the quantity of matter thrown out, for the cratera themfelves are formed by the eruptions. We cannot avoid the inquiry refpe&ing the ufe of thefts mighty agents in the eco¬ nomy of nature. Were we to conlider volcanic craters merely as the vents for internal fires, a further inquiry would arife refpe&ing the utility of thefe firea ; for we cannot fuppofe that the laws which govern the interior of our planet are not direded by the fame defign and ficill which are difpiayed in the external umverfe. Now the only inftances which we have of aitual rock formations in our own times are volcanic ; and when we confider the vail number and the magnitude ot extintt and caoable of fupperting the mod intenfe debtee pf heat without accefs to atmos* pheric air, even in vacuo ; and this for an indefinite time. Whatever origin we afcribe to fubtcrfa* near, fire, there can be no doubt that it will make its way through the furface in thofe places where the incumbent rocks offer the lealt refinance, or where they are moll fufible. By the accefs of water to this fire, the fudden evolution of fleam, hydrogen gas, and many phenomena of volcanic eruptions, will admit of an cafy explanation* Mod of the active volcanoes being fituated near the fea or great lakes,' we may infer that water is in fome way r.cceffuy to the production of volcanic phenomena. Boiling fountains and hot fprings may be claffed with volcanic phenomena ; for it can fcarcely be doubted that the Geyfers in Iceland, which throw up columns of boiling water at intervals, co the height oi feventy or eighty feet, are occafioned by the fubterranean SlC$ which ext-nd under that illand ; to the fame caufe mnft he afcrfhed the boiling fountains in th"ifland of St. Mi chad's, one of the Azores. The ho: fprings in the vicinity of the Pyrenees, and in Italy and other parts of the wor'd, miy with much probability be fuppoied to have a fimilar fource of heat. The unvaried equality of their temperature for centuries, pioves th;;t this fource Jits far below the agency of thofe caufes ivhi. h operate on tjlc lonacc. it iias been rema>ked that hot fprings are moil frequent in volcanic and bafakic c«untries. Though no a&ive volcano exids in the Pyrenees, a late writer, who has defcrihed the geoloey of thefe mountain?, fays thai the hot fprings and frequent earthquakes in different parts or this chain offer proofs of the prefect operation of fubterranean fire. The volcanoes in South America throw out water and mud, and flones of enor- fflotlS magnitude ; but for particular infor¬ mation refpefling them I mnft refer the reader to the interefting defcriptions of Humboldt, to Ulioa's Travels, and Molina's Miftory of Chili. The craters of ancient volcanoes which can now be traced, are many of them of far greater fize than any that are in prefent ac¬ tivity. The whole of the mountainous parts of Quito, according to Humboldt, may be confidered as one immenfe volcano occupying more than feven hundred fquare leagues of furface, and throwing out flames by different cor.es, known by the denominations of Cotopaxi, Tungurahua, end Pichincha. In like manner, he adds, the -while gioupe of the Canary iflands is placed as it were on one fuhmanrie volcano. The fire forces a paffbge fometimes through one and fometimes by another of thefe ifland3. Teneriffe alone contains h\ its centre an immenfe pyramid terminated by a crater, and throwing out from one century to another lava by its flank*. In the other Canary iflands the different eruptions take place in various parts, and we no where find thofe ifolated mountains to which volcanic tffefts are retrained. . The bafalticcruft formed by ancient volca¬ noes feems every where undermined, and the currents of Ia,va fen at Lanztroteand Palma remind us, he adds, by every geological affinity, of the eruption which took place in 1301 at the lfie of Ilchia, amid the tufas of Epimeo. The Hon. Mr. Bennet, in his account of Teneriffe, dcicribes the appca-ance of • the'whole plain on which the prefent cone J.* fituated as a vafl volcanic crater. ** After furmouming the lower fides of the moun¬ tain, at length" an immenfe undulated olam fprcads itfclf like a fan on all fide* active volcanoes, it will i.ot appear un- reafoi.?.l>le to fuppofe that they have been opera? ivc in forming the original materials of which all the various beds and (It at a that cover the globe weie c^mpolcd ; and that thefe materials have been fucceffiveiy thrown out by aqueous and igneous erup¬ tions in the different Hates of lava, fand, and mud, and alfo held in chemical folutiun or mechanical fufpenfion by water. The fubflances emitted or cjefted from volcanoes are either folid, fluid, or volatile- Among the full, we ma) mention mattes t.frock ejefted at the commencement of an eruption without being acled upon by fiie. Among the melted fubflances may be enumerated lava, pumice, and volcanic glafs. Lava is poured out of the crater or tides of a volcano, and descends in currents of redhot liquid matter, of a patty tenacious confillence like that of melted ore, or flag from a furnace. The quantity of lava ejected during a fingle eruption is fome¬ times inconceivably great. The current which flowed from yffena in 1669 is two miles in breadth, fifteen miles in length, and two hundred feet in depth ; it retains a portion of its heat to the prefent day. Ferrara fays that in 1809, when this lava was perforated at Catania, flames broke out, and it continued to fmoke at the fur face, after rain, at the beginning of the prefent century, or 130 years after its eruption. The following circumHa^cc, communi¬ cated to me by a very intelligent glafs- manufa&urer, evinces the difficulty with which he-it pafies through vitreous fub- dances. When the pot containing the melted glafa cracks in the furnace, it is common to pour out the contents into water. A mafsof melted glfift in this fituation will foon become rod and folid on the out fide ; but the internal parts will prelerve a red heat for four or five hours after, and may be feen fhining through the water when the temperature of the out- fide of the gl a ft is but fenfibly warm* FOREIGN N&JV8. Goober 24. Alderman Bridge* ha* been invefted as Lord Mayor of London. A main ohjeA of a large body of the Reformers is the equal d'tstrihut'ion of prop¬ erty. On the- 13th of Oct. II. E. the Senator Tatischoff arrived at Paris as Minister Plenipotentiary from the Emperor of all the Russia*—whirl) lessened the idea of a war, that had fa-en agitated. The Emperor o* ltussia has abolished the liberty of the Press in Poland. A Paris article rf-Oct. 12, states, that the vintage in lhe«kpartmeBtofLt*flfctite Manic, and the produce, surpassed the utmost expectati^s- It »* difiScuH to know »hat t« do with the plentiful stock of wines—the pfti* °^ ra^ks had sudden- Iv HlCTi «tt»d th" JWMllesf embarrassment was experienced I 'r Ma»* of thcm- Ten additional fie^ piece* hare been ordered into the dttfiwto ?« England, under the commanJ Of major general Sir John Hyng. The kineof Frrnre vas well on the S7tb of October. Orders have been giv¬ en to suppress the'-luhs in France who prefers to be the fiends of the liberty of the pre^s. The Princess of V.:»Ics, travelling under the title of Count-** Oldi Angela, was still at Lyons. The French MH&ter of warissned or¬ ders for ait the rejrnents of cavalry and corps of artillery nful engineers to be completed to thei'i^ll effective numbers. Sandt, the mu«Vrcr of Kotzebue, is said to have been carried to Mentz. The London Copier of the 30th Oct. sayS__" Amons l,e niany rumour in circulation in the ,'ty within tl-.r^e days isth;ii of a rhangeof Ministry, for which, we venture to a=^, theru is not the slightest foundntio*-" Earl GroSrenor has addressed a ltt- ler to the commitlf-for raising an .addi¬ tional armed force:» the county of Ches¬ ter, refuting to ranin'bute to that object. A lar^e meeting of Reformers has been held at Ituflwrglen. Scotland^. The |)re- sident wore i\w Cap of liberty, and the emblem of Revolution. A myelins has also been lieen held »t Maachline. The? came to the meeting to the tune of "The Campbell's are coming,"' played on the bat: pipes. The Park and Tower ?uns were fired 0:1 the 2/>t!i of October in London', in honor of th" King of England entering upon the (50th year of his reign, being four years Ungcr titan any other British Sovereign. Cobbett *uys that Paine shall have a funeral tttCtt]) miles tolig% and fhat he shall he buried in St. /tariff Clntrcl^ London ! Hou natural ia ariKfocrney ! A eoalili , U rumored to be mi the tapi> bftwcm AJiinvtera and the Oren- ville party, vliJcfrj it i^ Supposed will be completed b-for? th.» r.ie.-**in< of Parlia¬ ment ; and -hat lihe only obstacle to a treat}'ii the rropie of I^ord Liv-rpool and l".'< frrenis on the point of Catbeik emaiu ipatio\. 0:i iVLiMv rii^lif. at the different metMings of he Union Societies of Radi¬ cal Reformer in London and Westmin¬ ster, (he bu.i of Mr. Hunt was publicly brok. n to pi., e5, and he was pronouuctd unworthy ol'heir future confidence. And u Revolutionary Indications"':— f. Women were organized by Weifhaupt, the German Revolutionift, into clubs fimilar 10 thofe of Blackburn, Sfcckpoit, &c. &c. See Barruel and Robiufon. 2. Women took paHl in the Revolu¬ tionary mobs, in the reign of Charles the Firft, as at the commencement of the French Revolution and at Manchefter.— See Lord Clarendon's Rebellion. The Reformers, in Ens^nd,or as they now style themselves, the Radicals, have prevailed upon the clay-moulders to join their standard—who have produced Rad¬ ical Jug*, out of which nothing excUea- bte Is to be drunk. The jugs are deco¬ rated v%itn the following lines ;— 0 May the British Ror;e r.cvcrblow, The Soortish Thistle, never grow, The jfrish Harp cense to play, Till Henry Hunt has won the day.*' The London Courier proposes to edd the following couplet :— tu And may our champion find, let's hope, His jnst reward, four feet of rope." 9 • • * * a tf * 1819. London, 0t7. 23, The Whig*. Lou" Pr&kine, has again taken tip his pen in defence of the \\ higs agatnfl the charges brought apainlt them by the Reformers, of not having gone the whole length of their views of the queftion. After dating that his opinions have under¬ gone no further alterations than, " ;is to the bell and molt probably fuccefcful means of effeSing an unchangeable purpofe under circumilances that have changed," his Lordfliip fays:—u Thofe among the Whig*;, who at any time fupported a reform in Parliament, have not, that I know of departed from their declared opinions, that an extenfion of the Reprefcntation is moll dcGtablej and is a tuft expeclation on the part of ihe people ; but in myopinic.n. and fpeakinfT for myfeif, they never can rationally aft with thofe who defame them. They ought forever to Hand aloof from ; *■ fuch reformers ; not from refentment. not even from a decent pride, however natural and juflifiablc, but becaufethe defamation proves their view's to be different,and that these defamers aie fecking nothing like an improvement in the Houfe of Common?, by a wifely adjuftcd balance of reprefer.ta- tion, but on the cor.t:a:y. countenicting every profpcdl of it. by claiming rights in defiance of the eflablifhed hws ; and to ft cad of promoting pet!tit>n<-, encouraging their followers to revile the Leginatute of their country." His Lordibip flrongly deprecates the bringing together fuch large aflemblies as have lately been held, however loyal it may be to do lb ; and finally calls upon Parlia¬ ment to avail itself of the prefent crifi-i to extend the eleflive franehifc. without altering the chara&W of tfc« Houfe o{ Commons, as the heft mean* of quieting the errors of fedhi,n, ivhS w-juW be From a Liverpool Paper. Female Reformers in 1641.—Previ¬ ously to the civil war in 1641, a petition was presented to the House of Commons by certain females^ asserting, " that if proper remedies for the public miseries were longer suspended, the petitioners would be forced to extremities not fit to he named," and adding, (hat, " Neces¬ sity has no law. and they had nothing to lose but their lives."—(Sec MacauH/'s History of England)—The order of pe¬ tition i> remarkable. First came a pe¬ tition from young men ; then one from taader-men and manufacturers ; third from porters : and a fourth from gentle¬ women, tradesmen's uircs, &e- The close of Mr. Pym's reply to the female reformers of that day is r;ither curious : w We exhort you to return to your own bouses* and tuir - yo'ir Tp#ti*uMi.* wbir.li. you hare delivered here, into prayers at home for us. We have been, and shall be to the utmost of our power, ready to relieve you, your husbands, and your chil¬ dren ; to discharge the trust committed to us ; and perform ourduty to God, our Kins and our country, as becomes faith¬ ful christians and fa/jal subjects." Majesty make war for it it he pleases.— The Spanish people will be delighted if he should—it would be the harbinger nf peace and freedom to them in three months afterwards." u October '20.— ] have just time to <dve you the contents of my Madrid let- tersof the 15th. They confirm my sug; ^estionsas to the probable time ol the de¬ parture of General Veres the new minis. ter, for Washington. u Gen. V. (says my correspondent) was lately appointed to the expedition at Cadiz, in the room of Sarsfield, removed, and is somewhere in Andalusia—of course he will have to go through a long quarantine before he can enter Madrid ; then he w ill require some time to be instructed in the business he is going upon,for he knows notlringabout our country or the nature of the dispute. —lie may, also, expect some detention to c^t money for his outfit—and then he has to obtain an absolution fur h^ sins— the blessing of his Confessor against the perils of a foreign and distant service, the protection of the holy Inquisition and the fellowship of the Pope- So that up¬ on the most moderate calculation he will not be in readiness to embark beforenext 7>7r. BtitVs nn J>Riish gentiecms. fond of field :)(,rls. on leaving home for Church, ua followed bj his lad who had charge of hi <!o^. who informed his mas¬ ter (hat the tad of the dogs waseshnost- ed, tm4 that tiie nnimai-i would starve, ami requested to raow whal was to be done. Mr 15. who was vexed in b- ing addressed at such 60 unseasonable time, in nn angry lone, evclaimed l' Ilang the dogs !" The lad Bade nn reply, but re¬ turned to the houss1, and carried the or¬ der info execution. On Mr. B*S return from Church, he hrheld his brace of grey hounds and a hush of the best Spaniels in Dursetbhiie, hangingdead in his sta¬ bles. Among the reports of a chan^eof min¬ isters in England, l>ord Colchester is na¬ med as the successor of Lord Sidmouth, Sierra Leone has Oeen remarkably un¬ healthy the past reason, almost every person in the co!o<y having been sick, natives :is well as Coropeans. One of the gold «nuff boxes, manufac- tured in Iv.igland, iecoruted witJi a min- intme of (lie Prine-' RegMlt in enamel, studded with brillhtits of the first water, and presented by itfder of the British go- verunieut to the Srvereigns and Princes assembled at Vien'^ii** in the hands of a Jeweller at 15rus<-'ls for sale. A house in London had offMed 650 pounds for it. A London Kditor is anxious to know which branch oi t\P Holy Alliniicerot»ld treat (he present /f the Prince Regent with so much indignity r ncceflTuily fifert when their »oph of punflheJ bv th" Sta* Chamber The London Coiricr of the 20th,g:ives us the following * Revolutionary Coinci¬ dences :'— 1. Harrifon, a fawtxal Treacher, ex¬ ecuted at Tyburn, r^r high Treafon> in the reign of Charles tluFirfi. 2. Burdett, (S'f Thomas) executed for h'ghTrcafon in the reign of Edward the Third g. Cochrane. ($* John) arrefied for high Treafon in the reign of William the Third. 4. Cobbett, arepr^le and cobler turned foldier, and became Colonel, executed for high Treafon in the reign of Charles the Second- 5 Wolfey, (Sir Charles) a reforming Puritan and revolt^1001*!, who headed a deputation to rflcr Jrornwell the Crown. 6, Cartwrigbt) t puritanical reformer, '> for a Libelv From the Norfolk Herald, Dec. 4. tfrem Spain*—Hy the Hornet we have received late advices from Spain, through the politeness and attention of a friend in that quarter, extracts of which we give below.—A few days ago we announced with confidence the existence of a secret Treaty between Spain and Gmat Britain, which stipulated for the transfer of the Florida* to the latter, it will be seen, from what follows, (hat such a Treaty wasncgociuted) buf, li;;e our ov.n? not ratified. (Jetober the \¥dh.—c; The post from Mad/id is just anived.— My letters are !y the Pith, informing me that on the !)th, the Any limited by Mr. Forsyth for the fipal determination of the King as to signing the Tieaty3 the Spanish Secretary of State mr.de his answer to the demand of our Minister in the following pithy and genteel terms—;; That II. M. adhe¬ red to his former resolution of appointing an Ambassador to (he United States, where his objections to the Treaty would be made known.—And as his powers .would embrace every object, he would of course hear what the President had to say — but line 11. M. would not ratify the treaty." This is plain English, and for Spanish diplomacy pretty short and terse. "Capt. Read left Madrid the 131b. Mr. Forsyth is to remain there until he receives further orders. ^ " The Marest-lial de Campo, Don Francisco Dionisio »ves-is named a^ Envoy Extraordinary tothe United States on this occasion, and it is believed he will accept the office and set out on his mission — some of these days. " I have the Treaty of 1814 between England an-i Spain, which I mentioned to \ou. but discover that it was never rat- \ficd—hy which party I know not. Here, now, we are set on a curious enquiry to find out under zebrd Treatjjthe " foreign enlistment bill," of the last parliament was made necessary." Tnthi* Treaty of 1M4 there were secret articles, the onlj' important one of which was, that England should not allow supplies or assistance to be afforded to the revolted colonies in South America. Out this Treaty was not ratified, of course created no obligation for England to adopt such a measure. Then what Treaty has been made since ? And what reeompenccdoes England get from Spain for the foreign enlbtment bill, so manifestly against her interest, as regards her relations with Spain and her colonies ? This mystery will be developed soon ****** " It is said the Government of Spain had the modest//, to request of Captain Read, in Madrid, to give a passage to a Minister to the United States!—And the 1 fill greater modesty to require that the United States shall not now or at any time hereafter, acknowledge any of the revolted colonies of South America, as independent states ! c;Jtis perhaps a premature report, that Mr. Forsyth demands his passports if the treaty is not accepted. He will probably remain to receive orders from his government, after the meetingof Con- gress- If their resolutions will have no effect on Spain, they have only one alter¬ native left besides an open declaration of war: take, all the territory you have con- t-MuYdfor, to the Colorado*, or the Rio del Nortc~p:iy your citizens for Spanish spoliations, &c. as lib-rally as circum¬ stances Will justify, and let his Catholic summer ; that ts lo gay if he ac eepts (lie appointment, which he may not do9 three others of equal distinction bavirg alrea¬ dy refused it."—He may poss,!.1;/ arrive at Washington about the time the Rep¬ resentatives from Florida arrirc theteW take their seats in Congress. u The Spaniards are not to F)e driven out of their own way of doing things, and so long as our Government content themselves with xcordr^ in whatever lan¬ guage they may be couched, we shall ne¬ ver make any thing of them. "The same discord prevails in the Councils of Spain, amongst \he present Ministers as before the Duke >n^ Fer- nando's appointment, aed some think al¬ ready, that tiie Duke won't retain his sit¬ uation many days longer. th Nothing is talked of here but the en- trance of the new Queen, and the royal marriage, which is ro be celebrated the gist.—The affairs of America can never be compared with the po.- session of a rib¬ bon or a star, and «e shall probablyhear ! no more about the matter till we are ag¬ ain roused cither by despatches or some- thins more effective from Washington. u We have all eyes open for the Pea* cock. The Commodore with his squad¬ ron waits her arrival, and immediately afterwards the Erie, Capt. Stockton,will sail for America. 41 Accounts from Cadiz represent tie mortality by ihe fever still at 100 per day, but great hopes are entertained that the cool weather now set in will destroy it." A letter of the I ilh Oct. from a friend in Madrid, in whose intelligence, veracX ty^ and means of information entire con¬ fidence may be placed, contains the foi- lowing article, which, if to be reduce* to conviction, mo?t denounce Spain as an outlaw in the eyes of nations, and to the rights of diplomacy, and justify us in any measures of redress which would be pur¬ sued even against the Alg^rincs. u It i* the d. termination of the (Jorernment c{ Spain, in case the United States touch Florida, (as Ihey most certainly will,and that very soon too) to make reprisals on their commerce. To do this with effect that government has adopted a plan to encouragetfre English, French, &c. tn fit out'vessels and put them under the Spanish flag, in Spanish names. &c. We shall 5ee how thh proposition tdies, ftflf in the mean time the above may be relj. ed on.v—Comment is unnecessary on thfepoint, even if it be proved that the Spanish Government have dreamed of such a scheme at th:« time. Enquiry is now on foot ****** Jean Baptise Ari-mer.di, ^.r.*been ap¬ pointed Vice President of the Republic of Venezuela, in the place of the* Hon. Francis Antonio Zea, resigned. Aris. mendi has issued a proclamation, which declares fhat in consideration of the ex. boosted state of the National treasury, and to meet the necessary expenses of war, that hereafter all hides of black cattle, whoever may be their owners, are declared to belong to the State. N. K D. Advt. ; ------------------------------- A crystal summer house.—Furetim has given a description of a curious sum¬ mer-house invented for the king of Siam. The description was transmitted to him by a friend who has had the lienor of a seat in it. The King of Siam has in one of his country palaces, a most singular paiillioo. The tables, the chairs., the closets, &c. are all composed of chrysta!. The walls, the ceiling, and the floors, are formed of pieces of plate glass, of about an inch thick, and six feet square, so nicely uni¬ ted by a cement, which is as transparent as glass itself, thai the most subtile water cannot penetrate. There is but one door which shuts so closely, that it is as im¬ penetrable to the water as the rest of this singular building. A Chinese engineer has constructed it thus as a certain reme¬ dy against the insupportable heat. This pavillion is twenty eight feet in length, and seventeen in breadth : it is placed in the midst of a great basin, paved and ornamented uith marble of various col¬ ors. They fill this basin with water ia ftboat a quarter of an hour, and itisemp- tied as quickly. When you enter the pavillion, the door is immediately closed, and cemented v. ith mastick, to hinder the water from entering ; it is then they open the sluices; and this great basin is soon filled with vater, which is even suffered to overflow the land ; -=o that the pavil¬ lion is entirely under water, except the