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i-j^K •• > 5 y \ of tho balance, tho action of the inner turna will not be oxortod against curves whloh llo noross conoontrlo circles) as In the diagram, but against audi aa llo in<oon~ oontrlo olrclos, or vory nearly so, and, will '■>» thorofore-abut no point-blank against them ' as to cause no dl8placomont~whatevef Iff a portio'n"oT the outer turn; thus giving tho effect of a short strong spring, whloh arrests tho balanco too soon in this part of, tho vibration. Suolr Irregularities are obviously qultciinoompatlhla'wltli tho 'requisites for producing Isochronous vibrations. The IsoohronaU trial of a'flat spring In a watch Is more simple Chan that described fbr tho chrojiomotor, since tho balanco of the watoh Is thrown into tho long or tlio short arcs of vibration by the mere .change of position, whloh varloa tho amount of friction, and consequently tho extant of the' am. In the horizontal position, with tho faoo upper- moat, the friction is least, and tlio vibrations are of tho fullest oxtent; In the vertioal, or that in whloh the watoh is worn, the friction Is greatest, and the extent of tho vibration is noooasarily curtailed. The trial is made, wiUTtho aid of a good dock, by comparison the rate of performance during a oortaln number of hours, In a horizontal position, with the mean r^tilt of an equal number of hours' performance in any turtflLjppoBlto vertical positions; lor Instance, first wltb the xii, and then with the vi, upwards, And thon in like manner with the ix, and the m; ' tho mean result of two opposlto vertioal positions being required, in order to neutral¬ ize the effect ot any slight Irregularities that may exist in tho poise of the balance. The indications and the ^application of the Isochronal adjustment, are the same as those already described -for oylindrioal springs, amount of whloh nb machinery Is ox- ompt. If the spring Is assumed to possess a force -equal to 100, and that 10 of those parts aro requisite toiovbroomo tho friction, when at a minimum, tlioro will be 00 parts left for action upon tlio balance. But tbo friction will vary according' to olroiimstanoes although tho spring and balance may roranln unaltered. If, .-tlioroforo, the spring lias power to carry tljo balanco through a circle of vibration, when tbe friction Is at a mini¬ mum, |t will have power to perform the same amount of work whon tlio Motion is at a maximum, but tho 100 parts ol foroo will be differently appointed In tne oxocutlon of the task. Lot it be assumed, for instance, that the friction Is trebled; thoro will then, bo 30 parti employed In overcoming the friction and consequently 70 parts only for action upon tho balance, whloh will necessarily have a less extent of vibration. Now, slnco the Isochronal ratio of the-sprlng's tension remains unaltered, the beginning and end of each Boml-vlbratlon will still coincide with the first and last of the minute instants of time composing tho Isochronous vibration, which is tbe condition that Is aoqhlretl for correct performance. So likewlstlt IswitH Inoroased Motion In- w.nteh-work,tbo ela stlc forces of thabalunoo spring being constantly proprbtionocT to the jingle of inflection, whatever be the amount of friction^the law of isoobronlsm remains unchanged, and friction Is only an adventi tlous circumstance, which affects thb extent of the arc of vibration, but not the time in whlolTit will be described. I have only to express my gratitude for the attention with whioh my remarks have beon honored, and I venture to rest my apology for addressing you on tho sentiments so well expressed by Sir Jobn Herschel: "Science delights to lav Itself open to In¬ quiry, and Ib not satisfied wltb Its con¬ clusions, until It can muko tbe toad broad lind beaten. And In its applications it prc- servolHhe same charaoter; its whole aim bolug to illumine evorj dark rocoBS, and to giyi free acoess to all prooesses^vith a view to Improve them on rational principles." F|g. 2 but under greater restrictions. For as the balances for watches aro, for the most part, simple and unprovided with any menns by whloh their inertia may be varied, as Is done In the compensation balance, bo iu, to suit tho elaglic force of any particular spring, and the number of,vibrations required to be performed in a glvon time, the splial of a watch must not only be Uoehronal, but be of the precise degree of elastic force de¬ manded by tlio particular balanco to bo employod. The selection of asprlng, within tho limits Of the isochronal adjustment, must ; thor<tJ>roibo made by trial in the watch. Tho groat advantago of an>- Isochronal spring, Is Its Innato power of resisting tho influences which, oanso a change of rate, audi as the ohungo of position, InoreuBOil friction as tho works bocomo (Hi ty. or the viscidity of the oil in low leuiperatuies. In¬ deed it is surprising to see chronometers return from sea with scarcely a change of rate, although some ol thorn bad been going for throe or four yours, and oton for longer porlods of time, and the vibrations hud fallen off to a vory small aro, in cousequonco of the Oil becoming so viscid, that, in some Instances, a slight degree of foree has been required to draw the pivot out of the fourth wheel-hole. But what was still moro re¬ markable, some of these chronometers, after. being cloaned, hod been observod to take up their original rate, evon porhaps with a threefold amount of vibration. Tho modo by! which an isochronal spring arrives at suoh porfeotlon may be thus ex¬ plained; tho spring's elastic force is presup¬ posed to be both perfeot and permanent,, under similar temperatures; for, as has been previously stated, tho elastic force dlmlubrties as the temperature to whloh it is exposed Is Inoroased. Tho olastio foroo of tho spring is counter¬ balanced by the resistance ItAnoots with, in tho work It luts to porform; this Is of two kinds; tho inertia ot the balanoo, and tho (riotlon of tho rubbing parti, from a certain MARINE LAW. . STATE PILOTAGE LAWS. jDi»(i<c< Court, S. D. Florida. Dec,., 1&83. State laws conferring upon local boards power to fix rates of pilotage are not void as granting powers which may <iol be de¬ legated. Locke, D. J. 'Tbo legislature of Florida, byflie net of .Fcbrnary 27,1872, established a certain schedule of rates of pilotage, which Bhould bo paid a pilot by any vessel entering any port of the state, w lien spoken, whether Ids service were accepted or not; but by the act of March 7,1870, it sub¬ sequently declared that tho Bcvcrul boards of pilot commissioners for the several ports of the slate should determine tho rates of pilotage which .should be paid by any ves¬ sel af their ports, such rate not to be greater than those then provided. Under tills act tire pilot commissioners ol the port of Key WcBt established a set of rules and regulations fixing a schedule of rales, and providing thai whenever u vessel was spoken, and the sen lees of a pilot were not accepted, the vessel should bo compelled/ to pay but one-half the regular rates. It Is alleged, and not denied, that the libeled vessel in this case was spoken while leaving pprt on u foreign voyage, but did ucccpt tl o services ol tlio pilot, and tlio ouly question is whether the pilot libeling Is entitled "to full rules under tho first act of the legislature, or but half the amount, under tho regulations of the bourd of tho pilot com¬ missioners. It has been earnestly contendod in behalf pf the Ubollant that the statu has acted by authority delegated by congicss, and the legislature had no powor to rcdclegato It to any Inferior body, that the constitution ol the state requires that all 'laws shall be general and not local; and that since the original act was not repented by any positive repeullng-clauso it Is still in force and takes precedence. The act ol Congress of August' 1870, re-enacted 11 section 4235, Rov. St., deoluro that "all pilots in «" * * tho ports of the United States shall continue to bo regiilatod in coiifoinilty with the existing laws of tlio states, espectlvely, * * • or with suoh laws as tho states may r&4 spoottvoly enact for tho purpose." Questions jnvolvlrg tho samo subject, if nor, tho oxaot point, havo not boon beforo the supremo court In several oases, and froquontiy referred to In' opinions upon kindred matters,' The' question whloh has brought tlio matter of pllotago.legislation at all under tlio Jurisdiction or control of tho 'federal govornmont has been that it was a regulation, of coramoroo, and the powon-ot making, such regulations' had been by the constitution dologatod to-Congroas. Tho first oase In whloh the question was discussed was Gibbons v. Ggdon, 0 Wheat. 207 The languago of tho court there was: "Although Congress cannot onablo a state to legislate, Congress may adopt tho pro¬ visions of a state on any aubjoot.. When trie government of tbo Union wtas brought Into oxlstonoe It found a system for the regula¬ tions of Its pilots ni- full foroo In overy state. Tho act which has boon mentioned adopts thd-system, and gives It tlio same validity as if its provisions had been -especially made by Congress. The act unquestionably mani¬ fests an intention to leave this subject entirely to tho states until Congress should think propor to Interfere." /Again, In Copley v. The Board of War¬ dens of Philadelphia, 12 How. 200, It Is de¬ clared ; "Whatever subjeots of this powor are in tholr nature national, or admit of one uni¬ form system or plan of regulation, may justly be said to be of suoh a nature as to. require exclusive legislation by congress. That this cannot be afllrmed-'of laws for tho 'regulation of pilotage Is plain. The act ot 1870 contains a olear lind authoratlve de¬ claration by tho-flrst congress that the nature of this subject is such that until congress should find it necessary to exert Its powers, it should be* left to the legislation of the states; that It 1b loclil and not national; that it Is likely to be the best provided lor, not -by one syBtem or plau of regulations, but by as many as tho legjolatlve discretion of the several States should deem applicable to the local peculiarities of tho ports within their limits. It manifests tho understanding of Congress at tlio outset of the government that the nature of this subject Is not such as to require Its exclusive legislation. The practice' of the states and the national government has been In conformity with this declaration from the origin of the nati¬ onal government to tlils\tlme; and the na¬ ture of the subject, when examined, is such as to leave no doubt of tls superior fitness and property, not to say absolute necessity of different systems of regulations, drawn from local knowledge and experience, and eohlormed to local wants," Iu Jones v. Cllflbrd'8 Ex'r, 5 Fla. 513, the court cites the act of 1822, in which the board of port waidens had powor "td estab¬ lish such ordinances as thoy • shall deeln advisable, witli the power to fix and ultei the rate of pilotage," and apparently approve and recognize tlio validity of It. I am satis- lied that the establishment of local boards with power to fix uud determine tho rates of pilotage of tlio several ports of the state, and to decide which vessels, If any may pay half and which whole rates, Is In no way iu conflict with the provisions of any net of Congress. II further reasons were neccssnry upon tills point, the health laws of the sev¬ eral states, wherein powers are delegated to local boards, might be referred to, and reasoning from analogy establish the same point The United States statutek relating to public health aro, if possible, more ex- pllcite iu speaking of the health laws of any state and by no words to recognize the health laws of ports or cities, yot nil local health laws made in cuuforuilty with slates statutes aro recognized by till departments of tho general government, and treated with as much respect as thoy could bo wore they oi|acted by the legislators, and among the many questions have arlBCii upon this subject,' and regarding the coiiltiutlug Interests ol commerce, or local health, Its fees, delays) and annoyances, I have been unable to And that any objection has been mado to a local or munlclpalJJiYj when In accordance with the health laws of u state, because tlio actual minuttai of tho regulations were not de¬ termined by the legislature. Tho drily provision of the statu constitu¬ tion could have any effect upon such delega¬ tion of powers Is that section 18, art. 4, which provides that "In the several oases enumerated In tho preceding sootlon, and In all othors whon a (fonorul law oan bo mado applloahlo, tho law shall be general and unl-, form throughout tbo state." Except "In tho casoTontimorated," it hi a question for the legislature to decide whether a general law can bo made applicable, to tho bast advantage, ftmUho passing of a local ono would* be a declaration-that In Its opinion tho local law would bo bottor; and I doubt ifaoy court would Interfere unless tlio law was. one so positively In opposition to tho spirit of the constitution as ttj be unquestion¬ able. - But the legislature enacted a local law touching this matter? The law relied upon is as general In oliantcter as any ono could be; as general as tlio laws that permit tho country commissioners to determine their oomponsatilon or tile salary of tho country, soldltor, or the board ot Instruction, to estab¬ lish tho pay of the obuntry superintendent. There may be under each ot those laws as many different results aa there are counties in the state. I do not consider it so a local- law as to oomo under the prohibition of tho clause of tlio constitution. Although the later act did not by aotual > word* repeal tho former tone, yot there oan be no question but what it was tlio Intention of the legislature to leave the entire matter in the hands of the local boards. -The spirit of the.law Is to bo oonsrclared,aand if It Is found to bo in conflict with the pre-existing law It virtually repeals it as fully as if it did so by a direct repealing clause, and of that in this case there can be no question. Since the organization of the state govern¬ ment no less than 25 acts have been passed upon this subject, and by a large majority of those local hoards have beon given full and oomplete powers to make rules and re¬ gulations, establish rates and change the same, as deemed best; and uuder them full power In regard to compensation bus been claimed and exorcised. In no case has the right to fix rates been held to be seperate from the question of compulsory- pilotage, nor has either question been passed upon or treated separately. It was not tho question of the rate per foot that brought about the act ot 1870, but thut of compulsory pilotage, either bailor whole rates. The amount which was to be paid a pilot who hud rendered service has never been objected to or deemed unreasonable, but the Conflict litis been between the repre¬ sentatives of those vessels which did not - employ pilots and the pilots themselves; and leaving the entire mutter to the local boards, as had beim tho case under three- fourths of nil tho previous legislation upon tlio subject, was, without doubt, the quickest and most satisfactory manner of determining It. In my opinion it was the intention of the legislators that tlio local boards should have power, not only to determine what rates should be paid by u vessel employing a pilot, but also by ono spoken that does not accept services. The question of rights of pilots under u tender uud Tilusul of services bus been settled, and lt,declured that there is uu implied promise to pay the amount de¬ termined t\> be due in accordance wllli law. It Is not aright or penalty given by a local board. The state law has given a substantial right foi an amount which may be measured uud determined b) such commissioners, and enforced by tui admiralty court us It might enforce any otjier Implied marine contract. 'Unit amount In this case Is the half of tho usual rates, ami tho deuce will tollowuccord Inglj. ' FLOATING BETHEL WORK. Tho quarterly report ot the chanipliiln and mission woikurs of the Floating Bethel show that they have held 01 meetings which weio attonded by over 3,000 persons. Of this number 218 arose for prayers and ovor fifty signed the ttmpcranue pledge. Thirteon Visits were made to the city hospitals, 050 papers and magazines given to the sick, 304 calls mado.on the sick, 23.7 garments and six tons of coal given where sickness and desti¬ tution-demanded help. Four persons were taken to the City Hospital and four funoral services were held among the poor. Whon people along tlio Ohio River about "tlio (ley spell in California" huvo a longing to go. roud_ tlioy