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H- APR 16 83 Jtamindgt, Mast : %, MODERN LIFE-SAVING APPARATUS. In a former Imnie-we Illustrated the work- inga of tho United States Life-Suvlng Ser¬ vice, which h'ia come to be one of the per¬ manent nnd jndUpensnble InntltutloiiB of our country, a glance at the progress made in this Held of Invention elsewhere will bo of, timely Interest In the same connection. A great number and variety of dovlces have been Introduced both In Euiope and Amer- * lea, for guarding against the peculiar dun- Sera of the seu'prwHt is oretlituble to ihe umane spirit of the government of every civilized state that so liberal a degree of en¬ couragement hits been given to eftorta of this kind. Many of the appliances produced are, of course, found to be defective when practically tested, even though the theory of their construetlwi may Imvo been sound, and the workings of the modol satisfactory. But there are also many inerltoilous Inven¬ tions which have met the approval of com¬ petent judgoe„und will doubtlessoome Into general use. or at least serve us the founda¬ tion of practical Improvements to be here¬ after adopted. Sometime since, at (he Naval and Submarine .Exhibition in London, many devices of this "class we shown, hr- oludlng rults, buoys, boats, and numerous otherloruiB of life-saving apparatus. One of them, whioh met with geneiul approval, was a "bridge lifeboat," Invented by John White, which wn Illustrate. This lifeboat Is held on the bridge atbwart ship, which con- alataiif a luuuclnng way which plvota hori¬ zontally »t the center, so. that either end can be tipped down to the 'gUiTwule on either side When the (log Bhores being struck, the lifeboat shoots Into the watei. Any water shipped U discharged through valves, and the boat Is thus very quickly and easily launched. Several ships have been titled with thU boat bridge, which has proved to be admirably adapted to the puipose. The boat curries from 150 to 200 men, and when filled with water will support not leas than 100 men. , __ • There Is also an arrangement known as the Hodgson wreck escape. Its Inventor Is a practical man, who has received a number of medals lor saving life, and Ib pcou lurly qualified to judge of the utility of a device of this kind, or to originate one which ahull be of real service. The Hodgson wreck escape is In tho form of a bottouiloss boat, and Is also made so as to be reversible A man un¬ der It can open the lope bottom naundei and creep through. It Is made eitherof wood tubea or cells, or of steel; the weight In the former case being 700 u> 809 pounds, and In the latter about 1,800 pounds. It will sup port from twenty to seventy-live men, and may be Used as an ordinary boat, the resist¬ ance being much less than Is encountered by bottomless boats of other patterns. In aotual triuls which have Deon made ol It, good speed bus Wen attained. It la believed to be not only the best but the first succcss- tul boat of reversible form. Ilia lrequoncy of disasters at sen, against which all tho resources of the shipbuilding art aro nut sufficient to ulloid evon approxi¬ mate security, glvcB the class ol appliance., here described a high degree ol practical Im¬ portance. AppiiriUUB ot this kind, which Is ol domonstiattd utility should speedily find lta way into general use by the nuisters and owneie of ships. No one begins a sea voy- ago withoutunxlously invcBtigiit ngthe pro¬ vision which Is made against the perils of the deep, and calculating tho margin ol satety which they ulloid, and although It 1b scarcely pleasant to be reminded by them ol tho annulling dangers by which the ocean truveler Ib suriounilcd. there is a rational souse ot coinfoil In the assurance that II the worst shall come, there Is Btlll a better al¬ ternative than helpless submission to uu evil fate. have attempted to extend their knowledge ae well as to work under water. Tho ex¬ pert native divers of Ceylon and India, In scouring eoral, pearls and sponges, aie ena¬ bled, on an average, to -remain under tho surface for about two minutes, although In¬ stances have been noted where an sndurnnco of three and alialf minutes has been attained. Such specimens of oiidurauce aro laieand seldom attained without severe Injury, soon resulting In death. Submarine diving ar¬ mor, of various kinds has been made use of with mi>ru or lose success, but In 1880 the discovery of India rubber afforded an oppor¬ tunity tor important additions and improve¬ ments to snhmirlno diving dresnoi. M Rouquarnl, a French mining engineer, and M. Bcuayimi70 a lieutenant hi the Frenell navy, perfected what la known as the Denny- rouzn .apparatus, the best that has ever been produced. It consists of an air-pump, a re- whlohlic signals his wants from below. The depth to which men eandosoond with armor on has been tested with the following re¬ sults: The diver can broathe, und IiIb or¬ gans may retain thetr normal condition and he preserve his presence of mind, to a depth of ISO feet, but when that depth la exceeded by ton or twenty feet the external pressure onuses.physiological affects on his organs, independent ol his wIlC Within the limit of 130 feet, security t6 life la perfectly as¬ sured with n practical diver. Tlio first sensation in descending is .the sudden, bursting roar in the ears, caused by the air drlvton into the air-pump. The flexi¬ ble air hose has to be strong enough to bear a pressure of twenty-five or fifty pounds to the square Inch. Tho drum of the ear yields to the strong- external pressure, tho mouth opens Involuntarily, tho air rushes In tb tube and strikes the drnm, which snaps buck WHITES BRIDGE LIFE-BOAT. / . SUBMARINE DIVING. Although tho diving bell l9 8lll>1 w ■mvo been known to (he Phoenicians 530 B. (J., but little progrqss appeals to have been ipade In its use, and up to tlio middle ot the lust century icaicely anything was known re¬ garding the bottom of the sen, except what was thrown upon beucheB or from ulmuce specimens secured by sounding lines or sou- dredging. With modern applluncos men ceivecaml a leducer, a diving oostume and the requisite hose, signal tubes, topes, weights, ladders and iooIs. A submarine lamp is also provided, and In the Italian navy the diver can disconnect himself from tho pump, cairylng n supply ol' condensed an In a magazine on his back. This appa¬ ratus woi ks automatically; though the air- pump may be work'd lrregului|y, Ub action is regular. When the diver Is down tlio air ho explies ilsos In .bubbles to the surlace, by which means Ills 'condition is known by the watchful assistants. In the old diving dress the expired air passed Into the space between hla bully mid the eloll ing, and out Irom a valve In the helmet; but as tho excess of air supplied, escaped in this way also, It could not bo told from this, whether the dl- vei was allvo or dead. Tho (liver's suit consists of first, a pair of thick rubber leggings and boots combined. These end at the waist In an Iron band fur¬ nished with clamps. Straps of lead weigh¬ ing together ninety pounds, ami which are made to tit about his ankles and wulst, ale Intended to give him weight enough to withstand tho current On the upper part of his body he wears a largo copper helmet with a strong ringbolt on tho top, uud be¬ low which, seourelyjiistenod to It, Is a rub¬ ber jacket, ending in an Iron band, so con¬ structed as to meet thatot the leggings and be tightly fastened to It. The sleeves of this jacket aie gathered mound his wilstsand tightly lied. 'J'ho Jacket Ib of a more pliable buiII than tlio leggings, so us to enable him moie easily to uso his hands and aims. The dive) puts on Ills Ugglugs and then a hook attached to the end pi a rope through a block and generally worked by a steam en¬ gine, Is (looked Into the ring at tho top of the helmctPuud this with the jacket |s hoist¬ ed and lok down over his head. With tills once on the diver above tho ocean's surface la perfectly helpless,. The flout of the hoi- met has a glass door covered with wire, which Is opened foi him while the comple¬ tion ol the dressing goes on. The slce\ es of his jacket are tied, the bauds ot his leggings iiliil jacket sie aciewed lightly up, the leaden anklets and glidle Beuured, all pipe sciowed on, and shutting the door ol the helmet, Hie ijlver Is ready to bu "swung oil.." In IiIb blind the diver curries a slendci cold, with to Its itormul state with a sharp, pistol-|lKe crack. Peering through the goggle oyoa °f glasa in hla helmet, the diver sees the strange beauties about him clearly and in their own splendor. Above him Is a-pure golden can uud shimmering hues, Including all colors which are Indescribably elegant. ThcJnonr of the sea rises like'a golden carpet, iicltji- ing gently to tho surface. Tho ehaigo In lunililnrobjeotsts wonderful. The wrick of a alilp seems studded »Ith emeralds glitter¬ ing in lines of gold; piles of brick assume the appearnuee of crystal, a ladder becomes Bllverlcveiy shadow gives the Impres'slon of a bottomless depth. An Instance of cool determination and coiirnge In overcoming unforeseen dangers oceurreu to a diver who was engaged In the recoveiy of t)io drydock at Peusacola. It li.nd been constricted In water-tight compuitn.onts, and It was neces¬ sary to break Into the lower edge of each lo allow the water to How evenly Into them. Huge beams ami cross tics formed a network bo close that the passage between barely nd- inltted the diver's body. Through an aper¬ ture the diver had cniukiil, tearing away the casing and prosecuting his labors until time to return to the surlacu. lie attempted to buck out, but could not. The armor ubo.it his head and shoulders, actjng like the bail) of u hook, caught him; he could go ilheud hut could not retreat. In vain attempts to tvylst himself out lie spent so much time that the men abovebegun to be alauned, and Increased their work ut tlio pump. This Bwclled up his aunor and Iniumsed thedllll cullies and dnngerB ot his position He sig¬ naled lor the pump to stop. Tho cock at the1 bat k of his helmet, to let the air out, was buyoud his leach. His only chance wits to opuii Ills diess round the ulists. At this point he found himself atlected by breathing ovdr tlie-slrin his armor* Tho carbonized air made bird dreamy, creating an intense desire to. sleep. This he overcame by a Btiougell/rtnt his will. IllselloiIs to loos¬ en Ills ill ess succeeded, and with a supicnie elloil tin Jllvei j.scupid lr.om his nanow llinltsand w'asdiuwn lo tlio surliiee, da/ed and only hall-cousclous ol the peril ho had uudeigone. . On uniithei occasion a dlvei was ut work on the vv leek ot \ Spanish nian-oi-Wur in West Indian waters. Tho safo containing $3,000,000, was the objeot of the- diver*! search, and after hours of patient lubor the treasure wus found. Whllo engaged In shackling chains to the cpmbersomo box, a dark shadow, long and motionless, suddenly attracted the attention of the operatlye. Glancing upward, he beheld a lingo spotted shark, the most dreaded of nil species, poised above and watching every movement. 'The diver thought no more of the treasure, but walking a short distance was on the point of giving the eignal to rise, when a glance sufficed tlintjS do so would be-sure denth. The Bhnrk hall watched every move¬ ment, and wIth a scarcely perceptible mo tlon of his tall o'ershadowed his victim with his huge proportions. The diver, although terrified never for a moment lost hla pres¬ ence of mind. A layer of mud nttructed hla uttontlon, towards which he moved. The shark silently glided through tlxNigater, resuming his post, a thrill of honor run¬ ning tluough the veins of the operator. By meuiiB of tin Uon bar he set to work vigor¬ ously stirring up the mud und ooze of ttie ocean's bed. Thick und luct it rose about and above him, the clear, golden light disap¬ peared, In the midst of which the diver rap- Idly ascended to the surface and was saved. In 1870 the British man-of-war Uuzzar was wrecked In Hell Gute, having on board about $5,060,000 In guineas. In 1704 mi ex¬ pedition was sent put fiotn England and for two seasons attempted to raise the wreck,but was torbldden to work longer by the United Statoa Government. In 1810 another at¬ tempt was made by an Engllah company with a diving bell,.but with no.-success. , Since then a number of companies have been organized only to meet with failure. Within the past Ave years a now company bus been at work, using the latest subrou¬ tine urmni und appliances. A sloop firmly onehorod about 100 yards lrom~the Now York side of the East Biver, three quarters of a mile above Ward's Island Is the compa¬ ny's headquarters, und marks the spot where tho Huzzar sunk, with her bow pointing to the no/th. The.stock Is divided Into 48,000 shares of $100 each. Cannon, cannon bulls, mnnacles, gun tilts, silver plate and bones have been found. One day a brass box was njjiuuuui. jiuuru mm in it (jinn f^uiuuu uuu-> uuvu uuuu luuuu. una uuy u uruss UUJL VVUH opy, while around and beside hi in are tints ^brought to the surface. It was full of-Jew¬ ells, with a necklace of brllllupts. It'waf left foiTi moment on deck, and disappeared, never tcAbo seen' on board again. A lump of sllverJ made of various coins agglomer¬ ated by/ the action of the water, has been found, together with scattering'gold coins. But the main treasure remains to be found. All the navies in the world have trained divers except the United States service. A skillful diver commands too high wages, to Bay nothing of his curtailment In liberty of action, to enlist |n the Government boi vice, In the French service divers aro regularly enlisted men, selected for the duty from their superior phj alcal advantages. Afler a course ol liisti notion they aro compelled to ketp themselvis in practice. In the British boi vice they aie trained on board the gun¬ nery ships, and receive additional pay above the regulai wages allowed their ratings. All ships commanded In Punt Captains aro entitled to one, llagshlps two. Olllcers aro instruct!il at Ilicli ownicqjicst and are al lowed additional compensation. The French Iron-plated-ram, Tuiircau had her bottom scraped und cleaned ol seaweed, barnacles, etc,, In 1011 hours, at ail expense of $8-1, while an American' man-ol-wai, the same Blze, lor the same scivlce,' would bo com¬ pelled to duck at an expense ot nut less than \l,jJ00. bubniaiiuu diving Is an art, a pio- lissioii, leqillrlng cuuiage, determination anil judgment, without which requisites the aspirant fur submerged liuuuis can never hopu to .vln distinction oi success. , It Is Bald thai Qtie ol tho schooners at Toronto Is engagod lor the round ttlp,-fiom. Toronto to Duluth and back to Kingston. She will take a cargo ot coal from this hike to Wiiubausheue, lumber from Midland to Duluth, und a loud of stone buik Irom Duluth to Kingston. The coal licight Is at the rate of $1.50 per ton. I leutunant Daucnliowor, of the Jeaiuietto expedition, has been granted a year's lenvo ol absence. hm