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Jtitutifit mttitau. ESTABLISHED 1845. Jeitutifie AN EVENING ELECTRICAL tutritau. SCHOOL. [SEPTEMBER 27, 18<}O. MUNN & CO., Editors and Proprietors. PUBLISHED No. 361 BROADWAY, O. D. l>lUNN. 'rEKMS FOR 'rHE WEEKLY AT NEW YORK. A. E. BEACH. COPY. one year. for the U. SOt Canada or Mexico 83 One COPY. six months. for the U. S.t Canada or lle:x:ico . .............. 1 One COPY. one year. to any foreign country belona-inll to Postal Union. 4 One . . . . .· . . . . . . . . . . . S()IENT IFIC AJlIIElnCA. 00 00 :iO Remit by postal or express money order. or by bank. draft or check. AlUNN & CO .· 361 Broadway. corner of ilranklin Street .New York. H. distinct paper from the SCIENTIFIC AMRHICAN. '1' it Is issued weekly. h.very number contains 16 octavo uniform In size with SCIENTIFIC :\l\IEHICAN. '['erms of subscription for SUPPLEMII:T, t&.OO a year, for U. 8., Canada or exico.. 16.00 a. year to foreIgn countries belongin.z- to the Postal UnlOn. 811"21e coples.)U cents. old by all newsdealers throuJlhcut the country. Bee prospectus last page. C:nmblol·d Ratell.-'1'he SCIKNTIFIC :-'MIIlKICAN SUPPLMKNT will be sent for one Yf'!Rr. to any address 10 U. S .· Canada or MexIco. on receipt of se11en doUa"s. To foreIgn countries within Postal Union, nine dollaTS a year. hi The SclelllUlc American S upplelDen' K SUPLKI K'.r pages. and THE ARCHITECTS AND BUILDERS E D TION 0]11 THE SCII!:NTIFIC AMER larJle and splendid tllustrR.ted periodical, issued monthly, con taining floor plans, perspective views. and sheets of constructive details' pertaining to modern architecture. Each number is illu&trated with beautiful plates, showing desirable dwellings, public buildings and archi tectural work in great variety. To builders and all who contemplate build ing this work is invaluable. lias the largest circulation of any architec tural publication in tdle world. Single copies 25 cents. By mail, to any part of United States, Canada t y o o f b 0 li:D G I . $ a year; combined rate for BUILDING EDITION. SCIENTIFIC A E IC and SUPPLEMENT, $9.00 a year. To forei.z-n countries. $11.&1..1 a year. B u lldlnl!," Editio n. ICAN iA a I 3 : i-: .. : : : i 1.E!i M R AN the LA AMERICA CIENTIFICA E IN U STR AL (Spanish trade edition of the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN) is published Dlonthly. uniform in and typo Jlraphy with the SCIENTIFIC AMRKTCAN. Every number of La Amertea is I size e t git:31, ih I ! a flu tc!:tgrhlutge W! Indies, Mexico, Central and South America. Spain and Spanish poses sions-wherever the S"")anish langua.lle is hpoken. $3.00 a ,.ear. post paid to s any part of the world. Sin,ide copies 2. cents. See prospectus. MUNN &; CO., Publishers, Spani b Editio n of" tbe Scientific AlDerican. D pr &; CO. f r o y e e e y t ;; :: :c Aik :ttr':n?ltfgci:l ; :y tiie E ::[ M'u 361 Hroadway. New York. NEW YORK, SA'rURDAY, SEPTEMBER 27, 1 90 Conte .. ' 1!r.! . contem pora r y h as made the s u gges t ion that there is need of a place in this city where in structio n in elec tricity and the kindred sciences could be o btained in the evenings. Many young men enter the service of the electrical com panies aud are thrown enti rely u pon their own resource s as rega rds future advancement in techn ical kno wledge. We a re in constant receipt of inquiries as to the best mea ns of o b t a i u in g a know ledge of electrical engineering. Many w lIo are anxious to beco me electrical engineers cannot a fford the time and expense incurred by p u rsu in g a cullege cou rse. For such aspirants an eve nin g school of e l ectrical sci ence w o u l d have an incalculable value. The equip m ents and general laboratory appUauces sh ould be of the b est. The i nstru cto rs t.houl d be tho roughl y com petent. It is not goin g too far to say t hat such an in s ti tu t io n could be filled with the most earnest class of studen t,s a t o nce. There are many young m ell w ho are obliged to be self-supporting, yet wh o by every intel lect ual qualification are well fit,ted to take the high est s t an d ing if they could b u t obtai n an education. The l ess on of th e day in this city sel'ms to be that our electrical systems are not p r op e rl y cared for. The numerous deaths that have occurred show the need of i n telli!1:ence in admin isteri ng e lectrical ystems of dis tri b u tion. There is no doubt that there is room for a be tt er class of men in the ele c trical profession than have h i th e rto filled its ranks. It is alt'O safe to say that there are a very larll'e n umber in th o se ranks who lonll' for technical instruction and who are i n a posi tion to profit by it. Occu pied during the dayt i m e with p ractical electrical work, without facilities for investi gating its t heor y , they i n ev i tably become em pi rics. This they become in t h e face of the fact t h at they are th e best material for our f u t ure e lect rical engine ers. rt is n ot right that adv ancement should be denied to any one really worthy of it. No more convin C I ng proof of such worthiness could be given t h an the willing ne ss w i t h wh ich you n g m en accept the lower grade of posi tions in electrical works. A TESTING ARMOR PLATES · I shot the projectile was broken up, its point having just pierced the plate, in w hich, however, no cracks were m ade. Al tho u gh further tests are to be made of the all steel and nickel-steel pl ates, using an eigh t-inch gun, the compound plate was s o badly damaged that it was d ecided not to )'isk another tri a l of it h ereafter. The trial d escri be d was cond ucted u nder the direction of a boarJ of officers, w ith Rear-Admiral Kimberly as p resi dent, and S ec r e t ary 'I'racy was p res en t, giving it his p e r sona l at tentio n . Dancing 10 · ···· MUlIlc f"rolD Af"ar 0 ... Armor testinll · . . . . . . . . . . . Bridie, Rafferty's . · . . . ·. . . . . . . . . . . Buckle. Mitchell's back band·... Caterpillar, A. veg-etable* ........ Cholera, a new antidote to . . . . . . . Consumption and its cure . . . . . . . . Cube root extraction . . . . . . . . proposed eveninll . . · . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Electricians. amateur, work of . . Electricity. the dangers .)f . · . .·· . · ' ' X c i h n lI'::nRineE'. the acme aut.omatic .... Knines,traction.Saxon'8Ieveler plates. (J11l1ot.rated article. are marked wit.h an · · ·· ... teri.k.) FOR · OITR WAR VESSELS. · Klectrical'school, .. 19.1 201 1 198 197 192 194- :tt : : i Pt g office T,JJ Gas burner. Frechette & Dupuis'. 19& Gas service pipes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . · . . 199 Gas. subterranean, Indi ana .... ". 196 . . . . . . .... . . . 191 100 for.... . . . . . . . . . . .· · · . . . . . . . . . 194 on steamships. quenohing. 197 FJum. ocean, to fresh water 196 It'ires lake .. . . . . .. , .... 196 201 203 Ol GlaMs etching . . . . . . . · · . . . . . . · . . . . . II at tall. Ricketts'* .· . . . . . ....... I nventions. recently patented ... Launch. side, of steamer Norman* . . . . . . . . · . . . . . . . . . . . · . IJiving b y rule . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . IJocomottve, lI'ieJd, Price's·.. ... Locomotive. compound . . . . . . . . Locomotives for St. 'Jlair Tunnel .... .................... Mastodon discovered in Illinois.. Mounds. Indian, tn Capon Valley lake . " 194 191 195 the . 1M )P9 194 198 Rifle flrtnR bri.llade m8.Ji{arzine .... Shipbuilding on the great lakes .· Shlpbulldinll, quick Enillish. . . . . Sleigh, Nichol.· ·............·...... Sna e, the hOl'se hair. . . .. .... . .. Steam how to manage a. Success and failure of men . . . .· . . Telephonic transmission of music . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thill coupling, Gorney & Jones'* Trade. progress of ChiliaD . . . . . . . . Trade schools. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .· . . . . Tubes. seamless, from solid metal· . . . . . . . . , ............... . VaCCination, successful. many . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Volcano. a new euti an ......... Walles in Great Britain and the United States ......... . . ....... ships, modern, ref;mlations for . · · . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Water. wasLe ot... . . . . · . . ·. . . Wool production of world .. . QUi:irvj;r::·::::.:::·::::.::::· : : : Name. wbat's in a? . . . . . . . · · . . . . . Notes and queries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Orchid. a lady slipper"... . . . ·· . . Patent infrinuement decision·. . . Patents Rranted, weekly record of . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Planets. position of, In October.· Population, a premium on ... .... Profit sbaring by a coal com- 20.) 1911 204 1 202 1m 193 195 k enRine. 198 19! 19.Q 197 200 201 ]92 194 . . . . 201 lll7 198 Al in Ger- H17 20J War 192 202 the 1!l2 196 TABLE 01<' CONTENTS OF SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT For tbe Week No. Endlllll: 769. September 2'7, Price 10 cents. 1890. PAGE I. ASTRONOMY.-Observationsof Saturn at the Disapl>earance of For sale by all new.dealr·. U. CHF:MITRY.-The Toxic Principle of Pyrethrum Flowers.-By Messrs. SCHI.AGDENHAUFFEN and REED.-Chemical examination of the well known insecticide . . . . . . . . · · · . . . . . . . . . " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . · · . . . . 122ts8 I ll. c the Ring.-Some interesting- observations of Saturn at transit periods. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .· . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . · · . . . . . . . . . . . . 12293 I V FItUIT CULTURE.-A Connecticut Peach Orchard.-By J. H. HATE.-A motlt interesting and graphic of a successful A u . ln o . i c pitch musical note.-1 illustration............ ...... ..... ......... 12200 Electricity Warfare.-By Meut. BR A LEY A.Il<ISKE.-A lecture on many applicationsof electricity in model'n warfare . . . 12200 Electric Sharpenin61 of 14'iles.-An exceedingly simple and valuable application of electrlcity.-1Illustration . . . . . . · . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T !f!J ! ;;t :i? : iIg:h:r:Jta hi;h in D the The account 12290 v. Ctt tt p t!: <; f .. No;iO';,e!, ;lrl':,S ';; lillht quick.ly actinll power is required. -4: illustrations.. ........... 1 2282 urnttce.-Full ge 'l'he Hooney lechanical Stoker aD Smokeless scription of a mechanical soker. w!th mm ratlUns . and de.scrIp I tions of its applications to drfft"rent mstal1at1Otls.-7 IllustratIOns . . Working IJocomottves with Petroleum Fuel.-By Mr. very timely paper upon the much discust;ed subt t r ) ' . 31 l t e s l t }llstrations . . . · . . . . . . . . . . . · . · . . · · · . . . . . . . . . . . . . · . . . . . . . . . . . · . . . . ··. . . . . . . . onnectlcut farm. production of 16,000 busbels of peaches from 3& acres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . · . . . . . . . . . . ....... ....... 12291 . e !: ;' ! r : : cif ; gfe':: 1t :: 8; r 12284 stallment of an elaborate investigation .................. " .. ... ... 12286 The 'l'bies Process of Ba.rrel Chlorination.-By T. EGLESTON.The descriptivn of a very simple chlorination process for . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 12287 duct.lon of gold from difficult ores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lJRQUHAR'l'.-A THOMAS 12279 VI. ':I;b1!': !o;'-the.z:tC;1s :; t Hl J;iC?thE:Tfl:ii:rl ' VII. MINERAI.OGY.-Tallow Clays.-Bv Prof. W. H. Chemical examination of the .· tallow clays" of Missouri.. . . . . . . . . . . .. the re- SEAMON.- VIII. YliSCELLANEOUS.-An O u s de Passenl<er at Sea.-By Sir E. J. REED.-The sketching of a ship in motion from a novel point of Xl. TECHNOLOG¥.-Ammonlum Chloride from Gas Llql!or.-A p e cip t t o of sulphur and carbomc acid oceRS dependtn pr the' ammontacal liquor of gas works." . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . from . r t g:s8iul simninii' of" ·the ETliliish· G·hitnel· ':':'The 8wliDii;ing 12289 the Enillish ClJannel by Prof. nalton.-l illustration 12293 IX. NAVAL EN G I N E I': R I N G - T he 1.;"ht nrau"ht Pleasure Boat s e i e 7trtItedy,I:io :Y8:=til8ia! . . . 122&1 X. PH¥SIrS.-Rtret.chinor of T.lquid -Int.erestlnl< note. on a recent Investillation on the liquid state of matter 12289 of . . . . . . . . . . . . . view.-The apparatus ued by the Ilrttst.-2 illustratIOns........ 12293 Sketches in Bradford. En2Innd.-Tne recent development of Bradford.-Its architectural features.t.echnical school.etc.-2 illus- as t. i l2287 ·. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .·.. . . . .. · .· · ure.-Sy Pn.ssalZ of Mots!, the Resistance of Oils and Resins to valuable InvestigHtlOn on the quall- ""90 A. P. tie. of painter. vehIcles................. . . . ..... .............. ... 12" on r t ai n On AU1!-IE.-A the . . . . . l229( . One of the most t horough t r i als of h eavy arm or p l a ti ng ever m ade in t h i s coun t r y was conducted at the n aval ordnance pro v i n g grou nds, at Ann ap ol is, Sep tember 18. Three plates of foreign mlln ufacture were tested, each plate ei ght feet by six , and ten and a half inches thick. They were (1) a com pound steel and w ro u gh t iron plate, ma.de by C a m m e l l & Co., of Shef field, England; (2) a steel and n ickel plate, the n i ckel alloy being about four per cent, made by Scln eider & Co. , of La Creusot, France; and (3) an all-steel pl ate from the same m akers. The latter plate was sim i l ar to those now being made at the Bethleh em Iron Works for u se on our new war vess els, and both that and the nickel-steel plate proved themselves great Iy su perior to the Cft,mmell com p o u n d p l a t e , w h ich has been used in the const ructi on of the n e w E n gl ish armorc\ads. T h e targets w ere arranged on the arc of a circle, with the gun i n the cen ter, the muzzl e of the gun being 28 ft. from the face of each plate, and the p l ates being set upright in a backing of heavy oak timbers, flanked on the sides by steel posts. all solidly bolted to the oak backing. The gun w as a 6 i n. rifle, the u su al length of w h ich is 1 6 ft. , but t.h is g u n h ad been specially made with a len gth of 17 ft. , to gh-e the p roje ctile a h igher initial velocity. The i ni t i al flpeed o f a 100 p ound projectile from a 6 in. gun in the Engl i sh trials waf» 1,976 ft. per seco nd , but in t h es e tests th e i n i tial velocity was 2, 075 ft. per seco nd , the flhalllber pressure being 1 5 tons to the square i nch , using 44J.4 pound of powder t.o the charge. The projectiles w eighed 100 pou nds each, and w ere made by H ol tz er & Co., at U n ieux, France ; t he y were of forged s t e e l , with points of chrome steel, and each 17 in. long. Four shots were fired at each plate, str ik i n g res pec t i vel y in order near the righ t and left h and corners at the bottom and top. At t h e first shot on the C am mel l compound plate there were many flying fragments, and the p rojecti le went ent i rely through the p late and eleven i nch es i nto the backi ng, the metal around the ho le being crushed into many small pi e fl e s, and the pl ate being considera bl y cracked. The se co n d shot also pierced the plat e and increased th e I'ize and n u m ber of the cracks. scaling off the steel face in pl aces and wrecking t h e lower half of the target. The tpird and fourth shots on the upper hal f of the Cam mell plate were attended With si m i l ar results, the p roj ec t ile each time piercing the plate, which was badly shat tered and almost completely d ismantled. In the first shot at the all-steel pl ate, tbe p rojecti l e em bedded itse l f i n the plate t o t h e depth o f ab out fourteen inches, its poi nt just pen etrating, b u t there were n o c rac k s . At the secon d shot 1 he p roj ecti le barely made a h ol e th rough the plate, aud was itself forced back. falli n g on th e gTound. The third and fourth shots ' were simil ar, except that i n t he latter case the projectile was broken up. The fir8t shot at the nickel-steel pl a te barel y p ierced it, but the p roject. i l e wall broken into fra gm en t s. By the second and th i rd shots the projectile was almost entirely embedded in the plate, but did 110t go th rough it, and by the fOUl t.h en tertain m ent was given recently f ro m New York to a v ery large a udi e nce assembled at t h e Grand Union Hotel, Sara toga. As our readers will conjecture, the audience, w h ich n umbe re d at t imes n o less than 800 pe ople , was brought en 1'apport with the performers by means of a " l ong distance " telephone cir(luit running a di8tance of 180 m iles from 18 Cortlandt Street, New York, to Saratoga. From COI:tlandt Street a circuit had been run to the Ma dison Square Garden , and the concer t being given by the Stra u ss orchestra was ta ken i n altern at i o n with the o ther n u m bers of t h e programme, w h ich com p rised seleciions by the long dibtance orchestra, flute a n d cornet solos, a whistling song, and glees by members of the tech nical staff, one of whom also r ecited 'r en nys on 's .. Charge of the Light Brigade." The orchestral m u sic was l istened to at Saratoga by means o f sets of hand t elep h ones, and every note w as heard distinctly, eyen to the ap plau se of the audience gathered at Mad iso n Square. SOllJe of t h e t'ongs and sol9S and the recitation were h e ard all over the rool1l at S a r atoga by me ans of a s i ngl e loud-speaking re· cei ver p rovided with a large f u n nel · sh aped reson ator to ma gnify the so und . Great deli g h t was expressed by t h e aud ience at Sa rato ga with th e evening's enter tain ment, an d the exhibition was cons i d e red oTle of the best and most succe ssful that has yet been g i v en over the Lon g Distance Com pany's system. A very n ovel and stri k i n g use was lIlade of this tele phonic concert by Mr. A. S. H i bbard, w h o h a p pened to be ente rtai ning a n umber of his friends at his resi dence in Morristow n , N. J., the s am e evening. Mr. H i bbar d's private t e le p h on e line was c onne c ted at C o rt la ndt S t reet with the ci rcuit r u n n i ng t.o Madi son S q u ar e Garden, and t.he s t r a i ns of the famous orch estra were heard tlO plainly in the hous e at Morristo w n that dancing was carried on to the accompaniment with per fect ease and comfort by the guests there assembled. If some one h ad told H err Strauss that his orch et ra w as playing for dancers who were e ll j oyin g them selves at Morristown, some t w e n ty or thi rty miles distant, the i n f or m a t io n would probably h ave been recei ved w i th sheer inc redul ity , yet such was actually the case. Two Strauss waltzes were enj o y ed by Mr. Hibbard's guests, and afterward the o rchestra at Cortlandt Street was switched i n , and danci ng w as con tinued bv the m u s ic of the less am b i t i o us band of performers. We believ e this is th e first ill s t ance recorded of the tran8mi ssion of music by t elephone with sufficient vol u m e and clearness for dancin g to be indulged in by the Iist,eners.-Electrical Engineer. ····· of" W allIe An in te resti ng and really notable m u sical and vocal The Review and Reco1'd, a paper devoted to real es tate m atters over i n B rook lyn, concludes that few peo ple have any co nce p ti on of the a mou nt of water w h ich Water. escapes from faucets left run n i n g during: col d weath er where t here is d ange r of freezing over night. In the ann u al report of the Zanesville. Ohi o, water works , re cen tly issued , there is a table pu b l i shed which is mffi cient to aston ish the un th i ll k i n g who ind u l ge freely in the water waste business. The table given gives vari ous sizes and pipes. h ead and pressure, and c o mm en c es w ith an aper t u re the d iameter of wh ich is one sixty fourth part of an i llch, equivalen t to that of a cambric need l e. U n der a h ead-we w ill say of 150 feet-eq ui val e n t t o a p r e ssure of almo st 65 pou nds t o the square i nch, t h e q uan t i ty of water which w ou ld escape dur i n g the year, if al w ays open. wou ld reach 26.280 gal lOllS, or t h rough an orifice the size of a pin, equal to one th i rt y - second of an i n ch , the quantity escaping in th e same time and u nder the same p ressure will be 115 632 gal lons. Where so large a q u an ti ty as t h at will esca p e from a s m all orifice it is only a question of fi gu re s to ascertain h o w much water is lost thro u gh the win ter m o n ths during the prevalence of frost. wages of men, women, boys, and THE girl s i n the United K i u gdo m and in the U n i ted States in the following classes of m i l l s are : United average y e arl y · I ·· · Cotton . . . . . . . · · · · · . Woolen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . · . · · . . . · · . .. . . . . . . . Worsted. . . Linen. . . . Gl asgo w, and Mr. Wadlin. chi ef of the Maesac husetts Burt-au of Labor StatisticsI in.bis latest report. These . esti m ates are given by C o n s u l Brown. . · · · · . . . . . . . · . . . · · . · . . . . · . . . . . · .· . $329.33 ... . . . 364.34 . 361.99 . . . . . . .. 305.44 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . States. $179.50 165.00 151.00 126.00 Britam. G .....at of © 1890 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC.